Improving Societal Outcomes in Dispute Resolution Between Local Governments and Fire Fighters in British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The labour market for fire fighters in British Columbia exhibits serious inefficiencies. Fire fighters' salaries are excessive relative to the supply of labour, while demand for traditional fire suppression activities continues to decrease. These inefficiencies leave society as a whole worse-off since public funds that could be productively spent on other valued purposes are diverted to fire fighter salaries. An important and remediable contributor to the problem is the collective bargaining dispute resolution process, binding arbitration. This study assesses several options for changing the arbitration process to correct the problem. Since the issue is common across North America, the analysis includes case studies of other jurisdictions. The study recommends: changes to the criteria arbitrators must consider; changing to a form of final-offer selection; and consideration of tripartite impasse panels. The provincial government should closely monitor the outcomes of any new system to ensure that changes effectively address the problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".