Blastocystis ST-1 and ST-3 Mixed Infection Causes Increased Inflammatory Responses and NF-kappaB Protein Expression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Blastocystis sp is one of the most common intestinal protozoa found in humans, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. One of the influencing factors is its genetic subtype. The subtypes that most commonly infect humans are subtypes 1-4. Blastocystis subtypes that are commonly found in Indonesia, especially in Padang City, are Blastocystis ST 1 and ST3.Methods: This study was experimental with a post-test-only control group design. A total of 18 rats were randomly divided into 3 sample groups: control group, treatment group with Blastocystis ST 1&3 dose 104 and dose 105. The inflammatory response was assessed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of NF-kappaB protein. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests were conducted to determine the significance of differences in the expression of each protein and gene in the three groups of animals.Result: Blastocystis ST 1 and ST 3 mixed infection in mice caused mild-moderate inflammation in histopathological examination of intestinal tissue and increased NF-kappaB protein expression, especially in the dose 105 treatment group (14.45±5.51) compared to the dose 104 treatment group (8.24±2.72) and the control group (7.41±1.21). This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: This study concluded that Blastocystis ST 1&3 mixed infection can increase the inflammatory response in mice's intestinal tissue. This effect was particularly evident at higher doses 105.Keywords: Blastocystis, Histopathology, Inflammatory, NF-kappaB Protein
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".