Acute effects of normal saline and lactated Ringer’s with erythropoietin on microcirculatory perfusion, tissue bioenergetics, and gut permeability of the small intestine in a hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation rat model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Erythropoietin (EPO) has acute hemodynamic and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to its erythropoietic action. We tested the hypothesis that recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) given at the time of resuscitation with normal saline (NS) or lactated Ringer’s (LR) will improve capillary perfusion and tissue bioenergetics in a hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R) rat model. Methods: Anesthetized rats’ ileal muscular layer was prepared for intra-vital microscopy. The rats were hemorrhaged 30 millitres per kilogram over 10 minutes with uncontrolled mean arterial pressure for 50 minutes. They were then randomized to one of four groups (NS, NS + rHuEPO, LR, and LR + rHuEPO; n = 6/group) and underwent a 60-minute resuscitation period. Intravenous rHuEPO (1,000 U/kg) was given at the start of fluid resuscitation. Gut microcirculation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) fluorescence were recorded for off-line analysis at baseline, 50 minutes of shock, and 60 minutes of resuscitation. In a separate HS/R experiment ( n = 10/group), gut permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran and endotoxin levels, tissue damage, and portal vein blood levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were examined. Results: LR alone demonstrated better gut microcirculation and decreased gut injury than NS alone. NS + rHuEPO, compared with NS alone, improved functional capillary density (22.9 ± 0.6 Cap/mm and 20.2 ± 1.0 Cap/mm, respectively; p < 0.01), red blood cell flow scores (2.1 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.2, respectively; p < 0.01), and tissue NADH fluorescence (54.5 ± 0.3% and 59.7 ± 0.8%, respectively; p < 0.01). Compared with LR, LR + rHuEPO did not result in significant improvement in microcirculation. Adding rHuEPO to NS improved gut permeability, inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF), and tissue injury, but adding it to LR did not. Discussion: LR improved tissue microcirculation, decreased permeability to macromolecules, and reduced mucosal injury in the ileum compared with NS alone. The beneficial effects of rHuEPO administration were mostly observed in the NS resuscitation group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".