Ubiquity of ClNO<sub>2</sub> in the urban boundary layer of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The role of nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ) as a nocturnal nitrogen oxide reservoir species and chlorine atom precursor is well established for polluted coastal areas, but its role at midcontinental locations is less clear. In this paper, intermittent measurements over the course of several seasons of ClNO 2 mixing ratios by iodide ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, are presented. Mixing ratios were highly variable between nights and seasons and depended on the abundances of precursors and meteorological conditions. The lowest ClNO 2 mixing ratios (nocturnal maximum of 30 parts per trillion by volume (pptv)) were observed in the summer, rationalized by losses of the nitrate radical (NO 3 ) that were more efficient than in the other months. Higher ClNO 2 mixing ratios (up to 330 pptv) were observed in the winter and spring months but varied between nights. In the fall, ClNO 2 mixing ratios increased from night to night following the application of salt to roads. The ClNO 2 yield relative to the amount of NO 3 produced from oxidation of NO 2 by O 3 ranged from 0.1% to 4.5% (10th and 90th percentiles, median 1.0%). The ClNO 2 yield relative to N 2 O 5 consumed by heterogeneous reactions was estimated using a time-integrated box model and ranged from 0.5% to 12.1% (10th and 90th percentiles, median 3.4%). The ubiquity of ClNO 2 implies that the chlorine atom needs to be considered as an oxidant in high-latitude urban environments in winter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".