Atomic Layer Deposition of Zn(O,S) Buffer for CIGS-Based Solar Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) Zn(O,S) layers were prepared in an industrial-scale reactor by Beneq on in-line Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) coated Mo/glass substrates provided by ZSW and Manz. The samples were completed to solar cells at ZSW with a sputtered ZnO/ZnO:Al or (Zn,Mg)O/ZnO:Al front electrode. We discuss effects concerning the ex-situ growth of ALD Zn(O,S) on CIGS and their influence on the electrical properties of ALD Zn(O,S) buffered CIGS-based solar cells. The growth rate and coverage of ALD Zn(O,S) on CIGS was found to depend on the CIGS surface composition and could be significantly improved by modification of the CIGS surface from a selenidic to an oxidic composition. This modification resulted in an increase of open-circuit voltage and fill factor of the completed cells. Small-area cell efficiencies over 18 % could be achieved, which is comparable to reference cells with a chemical bath deposited CdS buffer layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".