A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 27 Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) species that occur in southern South America are reviewed. This study region consists of the southern parts of Argentina and Chile including the Central Chilean, Patagonian, and Subantarctic biogeographical provinces. Keys, illustrations, and distributional records with maps for all species are presented. Seventeen species are native to southern South America, nine species are introduced, and the status of one species could not be determined due to a lack of study material. Nine of the 17 native species are endemic to southern South America, and the relationship between these endemic species and similar Australian groups is discussed. A number of classification and nomenclatural changes are made. Paranimbus Schmidt and Pseudopodotenus Dellacasa are considered to subgenera of Podotenus Schmidt. As a result, the following new combinations are created: Podotenus (Paranimbus) longitarsis (Harold), Podotenus (Paranimbus) penai (Petrovitz), Podotenus (Paranimbus) peruanus (Erichson), Podotenus (Paran- imbus) zoiai (Dellacasa), and Podotenus (Pseudopodotenus) fulviventris (Fairmaire and Germain). Ataenius chilensis (Solier) is removed from synonymy with Ataenius gracilis (Melsheimer) and is considered a valid species. Ataenius modestus Schmidt is synonymized under Ataenius chilensis (Solier). Psammobius indefensus Schmidt is transferred to the genus Leiopsammodius and Leiopsammodius chilensis Rakovic is placed in synonymy with this name. Lectotypes are designated for the following names: Aphodius chilensis Solier (now Ataenius chilensis), Aphodius reflexus Schmidt (now Orodaliscoides reflexus), Ataenius modestus (now a synonym of Ataenius chilensis), and Psammobius indefensus Schmidt (now Leiopsammodius indefensus). A neotype is designated for Aphodius angustus Philippi and Philippi, a synonym of Pleurophorus caesus (Panzer). Records considered to be erroneous for several Aphodiinae species in southern South America are also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".