Bibliographic record
Abstract
Khat, an evergreen shrub habitually ingested for its euphoric and stimulatory effects, is grown mainly in eastern Africa and south-western Arabia. Its consumption has, for a long time, been restricted to areas close to the sites of production but, because of recent improvement in efficiency and speed of transportation, khat consumption has spread to far flung lands such as North America, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom and parts of Europe. In regions where it is grown, daily life seems to centre on the crop bringing together farmers, traders, middle men, consumers and transporters. Thousands of dollars change hands daily in market centres where khat business is transacted making it the most lucrative business in these regions. The economies of these regions are therefore driven and sustained by khat trade. Khat contains a psychoactive compound belonging to the phenylpropylamine group of alkaloids called cathinone which has amphetamine-like effects. It causes mild euphoria, wakefulness and a host of other effects on regular consumers. Long distance truck drivers are known to constantly chew khat in order to stay awake. Some chewers, however, derive satisfaction in the ability of khat to promote work endurance while others do it for leisure. Consumers generally prefer young leaves and shoots because they contain a more potent active ingredient cathinone which decays within 48 hours to a less potent form called cathine. Despite these positive attributes of khat, it poses serious health risks to consumers arising from the effects of its active ingredient, cathinone, on various organ systems. A number of studies have shown that cathinone has serious effects on cardiovascular, oral and digestive, and urogenital systems. Some of these effects are discussed in details in this chapter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".