Eastern Wood-Pewees as Brown-headed Cowbird hosts: accepters but infrequently parasitized
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism on pewees (Contopus spp.) is uncommon or rare in North America, suggesting that pewees sympatric with cowbirds either reject cowbird eggs or are not selected by cowbirds for parasitism, or that cowbirds are unable to parasitize pewee nests. At Delta Marsh, Manitoba, we inspected Eastern Wood-Pewee (C. virens) nests to determine parasitism frequency and experimentally parasitized pewee nests with real and artificial Brown-headed Cowbird eggs to assess their response to parasitism. No parasitism was recorded at 20 unmanipulated nests or at 12 experimentally parasitized nests, whereas all real and artificial cowbird eggs were accepted. The lack of observed parasitism, therefore, was not an artifact of cowbird egg rejection. We suggest the lack of parasitism on Eastern Wood-Pewees at Delta Marsh reflects a partial asynchrony between the parasite's and host's laying seasons and possibly the high placement of pewee nests. However, these factors may not explain the lack of parasitism at all other sites in North America or on other Contopus species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".