The occupational changes of Chinese immigrants in Canada with specific reference to Halifax, Nova Scotia 1885-1923
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis examines the changing occupational patterns of Chinese immigrants in Canada from 1858 to 1923. The thesis, which is based primarily on a review of the existing historiography of Chinese immigration and Chinese immigration to Canada, argues that after that completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway both external social forces and internal ethnic solidarity affected the occupations of Chinese immigrants. The examination of social, economic and political conditions in both China and Canada suggest that restrictive legislation and institutional discrimination experienced by Chinese immigrants were not the sole reasons for the Chinese clustering in particular occupations, such as laundry and restaurant businesses. The urbanized host society created a job market for such service industries, in which Chinese immigrants could be employed, while the immigrants' ethnic and cultural background, as well as close clan relations helped them to both establish their businesses and foster their concentration in them. In considering the particular case of Halifax, the thesis argues that despite some local variation the experience of this small isolated Chinese population in eastern Canada conforms to the broad pattern of external and internal influences seen more clearly in urban contexts in western Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".