A fearful asymmetry: Diefenbaker, the Canadian military and trust during the Cuban missile crisis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
/RésumésCanada's actions during the Cuban missile crisis open a revealing window onto the Canada—USA relationship and the sub-state influences therein. By refusing a US request to raise the alert status of Canadian forces, Prime Minister John Diefenbaker precipitated one of the worst crises in the modern Canada-USA relationship; by secretly defying this refusal, the Canadian military leadership ensured that Canadian forces provided greater military support to the US than any other ally did. In this article, I argue that a significant divergence in the extent to which the Canadian Prime Minister and military leadership trusted their US counterparts represents a critical part of any explanation of this bifurcated response. In so doing, I rely on a new conceptualization of trust and how it influences decision-making in international politics. By applying this model, I develop an explanation for Canada's contradictory behavior that is superior to existing explanations of Canadians’ decision-making during this crisis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".