Probing the Electronic Surface Properties and Bandgap Narrowing of in situ N, W, and (W,N) Doped Magnetron-Sputtered TiO<sub>2</sub> Films Intended for Electro-Photocatalytic Applications
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the optical and electronic properties of undoped, nitrogen (N) doped, tungsten (W) doped, and (W,N) doped TiO 2 films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering process. The optical absorption edge of the N doped TiO 2 films is shown to red-shift significantly as compared to the undoped TiO 2 films. This tendency was found to continue with the codoped films, as their absorption edge substantially red-shifted to ∼420 nm. This red-shifting is due to the effective narrowing of the band gap of the doped films as determined via Tauc plot analysis, which confirmed a reduction of the bandgap of the (W,N) codoped TiO 2 films to a value as low as 2.2 eV (in comparison with the 3.2 eV value of the undoped TiO 2 films). From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it is shown that the N and W atoms were incorporated into the O and Ti lattice sites of TiO 2 respectively. On the other hand, valence band spectra of these films suggest that it primarily consists of O 2 p derived states and the maximum upshift of surface position of valence band maximum (0.8 eV) with respect to the Fermi level was observed for (W,N) doped films, which, in turn, is in accordance with the narrowing of the bandgap revealed by UV–vis spectra analysis. Finally, by quantitatively measuring the work function of undoped, monodoped, and codoped TiO 2 films, by means of UV-photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), we were able to achieve a complete reconstruction of their one-dimensional energy band structure. This fundamental information is highly valuable for the efficient use of doped TiO 2 films in electro-photocatalytic and/or optoelectronic applications.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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