The 2013 flood event in the South Saskatchewan and Elk River basins: Causes, assessment and damages
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In late June 2013, heavy rainfall and rapidly melting alpine snow triggered flooding throughout much of the southern half of Alberta.Heavy rainfall commenced on 19 June and continued for 3 days.When the event was over, more than 200 mm and as much as 350 mm of precipitation had fallen over the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.Tributaries to the Bow River including the Ghost, Kananaskis, Elbow, Sheep and Highwood, and many of their tributaries, all reached flood levels.The storm had a large spatial extent causing flooding to the north and south in the Red Deer and Oldman Basins, and also to the west in the Elk River in British Columbia.Convergence of the nearly synchronous floodwaters downstream in the South Saskatchewan River system caused record high releases from Lake Diefenbaker through Gardiner Dam.Dam releases in Alberta and Saskatchewan attenuated the downstream flood peak such that only moderate flooding occurred in Saskatchewan and Manitoba.More than a dozen municipalities declared local states of emergency; numerous communities were placed under evacuation order in Alberta and Saskatchewan.The media reported that more than 100,000 people needed to evacuate their homes, and five people died.At CAD$6 billion, the Province of Alberta estimated that it was the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history.At their peak, the water levels were the highest in the past 60 years, and nearing those of historic events of the late 1800s and early 1900s where records exist.There was major damage to infrastructure roads, bridges and culverts.Downtown Calgary was inundated, as were many communities such as High River and Bragg Creek.Debris flows and debris torrents affected communities such as Canmore and Exshaw, and isolated many mountain communities including closing the TransCanada Highway for several days.Environment Canada called it the "Flood of Floods."Insured losses of CAD$2 billion included thousands of cars and homes demolished and damaged by backed-up sewers.Flood damage losses and recovery costs from the flood are projected to exceed CAD$6 billion.Vers la fin juin 2013, d'intenses prcipitations et la fonte rapide de la neige alpine ont entran des inondations dans une bonne partie de la moiti sud de l'Alberta.Les pluies abondantes ont commenc le 19 juin et n'ont pas cess pendant trois jours.Une fois l'vnement termin, plus de 200 mm et jusqu' 350 mm de prcipitations s'taient abattues sur les chanons frontaux des Rocheuses canadiennes.Les affluents de la rivire Bow, y compris les rivires Ghost, Kananaskis, Elbow, Sheep, Highwood et bon nombre de leurs affluents, ont tous atteint le niveau des crues.La tempte avait une vaste tendue spatiale, ce qui a inond le nord et le sud du bassin des rivires Red Deer et Oldman, de mme que la partie ouest de la rivire Elk en Colombie-Britannique. La convergence des eaux de crue peu prs synchrones, en aval de la rivire Saskatchewan, a provoqu des apports d'eau d'un niveau record depuis le lac Diefenbaker jusqu'au barrage Gardiner.Les dversements d'eau de barrages en Alberta et en Saskatchewan ont permis d'attnuer le dbit de pointe de crue en aval, de telle sorte que seulement des inondations modres se sont produites en Saskatchewan et au Manitoba.Plus d'une douzaine de municipalits ont dclar l'tat d'urgence; de nombreuses collectivits ont d se conformer un ordre d'vacuation en Alberta et en Saskatchewan.Plus de 100 000 personnes ont t contraintes d'vacuer leur domicile et les autorits ont dplor le dcs de cinq personnes.Les mdias ont soulign qu'il s'agissait de la catastrophe naturelle la plus coteuse de l'histoire du Canada.Les sommets atteints par les niveaux d'eau taient les plus levs des 60 dernires annes et ils se rapprochaient de ceux enregistrs au cours d'vnements historiques vers la fin des annes 1800 et le dbut des annes 1900, l o des dossiers peuvent en tmoigner.Cet vnement a provoqu des dommages majeurs aux infrastructures telles que les routes, les ponts et les ponceaux.Le centre-ville de Calgary a t inond, tout comme de nombreuses collectivits comme High River et Bragg Creek.Des coules de dbris et des torrents de dbris ont frapp des hameaux et de petites localits, notamment Canmore et Exshaw, et ont isol de nombreuses collectivits situes en rgion montagneuse.La Transcanadienne a mme d tre ferme pendant plusieurs jours.Environnement Canada a qualifi d' inondation des inondations cette catastrophe naturelle.Des milliers de maisons et de voitures ont t dmolies et endommages par des refoulements d'gout et ces pertes se chiffrent un montant record de CAD$2 milliards de dollars en sinistres assurs.Par ailleurs, les conomistes estiment qu'en tout et partout l'inondation aura entran des dommages, des pertes et des cots de rtablissement s'levant plus de CAD$6 milliards de dollars.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it