Modelling long-term hydraulic conductivity behaviour of zero valent iron column tests for permeable reactive barrier design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a numerical model to simulate the hydraulic conductivity reduction observed during long-term laboratory column tests is proposed. The column tests are carried out to study dissolved heavy metals removal by using granular zero valent iron (ZVI). The proposed model is also used to analyse the main causes of hydraulic conductivity reduction observed during laboratory column tests. Expansive iron corrosion, precipitation of reaction products, and gas formation are the processes considered in the proposed model. Numerical simulation results show that to reproduce hydraulic behaviour of the experimental systems, the change of pores geometry due to expansive iron corrosion and precipitation of reaction products, which determines a possible stoppage of gas bubbles, should be considered. Furthermore, model results show that only a small percentage of the iron available is corroded during the tests (from 0.4% to 1.9%). According to the model, the average diameter of gas bubbles that better fit the experimental results varies between 0.16 and 0.19 mm. While assuming gas absence (or its possible escape), higher values of iron corrosion rate should be considered to fit the experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".