13. Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Pathological changes in cortical biopsies in relation to function and response to treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cortical peri-operative biopsies obtained from 11 idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) consenting patients (aged 67-88 years, median 74) were immuno-stained for Beta-amyloid (AMYB), Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), total Tau, phosphorylated tau (AT8), Alpha Synuclein (AS), TDP- 43, P62 & GFAP. 5/11 patients had AMYB deposits, 2 diffuse plaques only, 3 diffuse and cored plaques; 1 also with amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Plaque neurites were labeled for APP and AT8 in all 3 patients with cored plaques; in one were these and neurofibrillary tangles labeled for total tau. The surface area covered by AMYB ranged from 12.8% to 0.08%. The presence of AMYB correlated with age (t, p=.02). Neither AS nor TDP-43 pathologies were identified. The density of cortical GFAP+ astrocytes showed a trend towards inverse correlation with age (r=-0.58, p=.06) but not with AMYB or AT8 pathologies. There were no significant correlations between pre-shunt Evans Ratio and MoCA scores and presence or amount of pathology. Improvement in ventriculomegaly (5/11) did not differ between patients with and without AMYB pathologies. Improvements in MoCA (6/8) were more common in patients without AMYB deposits (X2,p=.028; t, p=.04), but also in younger patients (t, p=.019). The patient with CAA improved, but the one with total tau pathology did not improve cognitively, although her gait did. In this preliminary study only AD-related pathology was found in iNPH. Cognitive improvement was associated with younger age and absence of amyloid deposits; however, a larger number of patients will be required to dissect these variables.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".