New Insights in the History of the First International Congress of Geography (Antwerp, 1871).
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The internationalisation of geography gained its full strength after World War I. But this phenomenon originated in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, encouraged by the public attention for exploration, the gradual professionalisation of geography at universities, and the organisation of international congresses. The first congres of this type was organised in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1871. The meeting set standards for all other pre-War international congresses of geography. In this contribution we give new insights in the realization of the Antwerp Congress. We focuss on the initiators Charles Ruelens, Jan-Hubert Van Raemdonck and Pierre Génard, their motives for action, the challenges and difficulties they found on their way. We discuss the collaboration between the Belgian organising committee and the European geographical societies, in particular the “Société de Géographie de Paris”. We discover how the first programme was drawn up en give a detailed image of the participants, paying attention to their origins and fields of interests. Finally we show the results of their debates and try to evaluate the lasting results of the encounter. This paper is based on the recently discovered archives of the first Congress in the City Archives of Antwerp.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".