Experimental Study on Geomechanical Dilation during Injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The SAGD process can be achieved only after the thermal and hydraulic communication between the injection well and the production well has been established during the start-up operation. The start-up operation involves interactions of geomechanical responses and multiple phase flow behaviors in the inter-well formation. Such interaction would have an impact on SAGD in terms of recovery performance. This paper presents an experimental study on investigating the mechanisms and mechanics of geomechanical dilation and fundamentals during cold-water injection. A triaxial experimental program has been designed and conducted to verify geomechanical dilation through experimental measurements. A series of reconstituted water-wet/bitumen sand specimens were prepared with different fluid saturation and almost identical void ratio. Reclaimed/cleaned tailings sand from oil sands mining operations was used to prepare artificial specimens, which are representative of McMurray Formation oil sands. A water-wet or bitumen sand core plug was then tested in an environmental chamber to simulate reservoir boundary conditions in terms of stress state, temperature, and pore pressure. A series of experiments were carried out in a triaxial cell under either initial isotropic or initial anisotropic stress state. Experimental results highlight the promising potential to dramatically enhance effective permeability to water and porosity in the dilated zone with pore pressure injection at modest levels of stress anisotropy. The lab-scale experimental data provides supports on development of numerical models for predicting SAGD start-up performance and on proactive utilization of the dilation as start-up process for in-situ oil sands development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".