A Thermodynamic Model on a Linear Rule between the Molal Concentration Exponential and the Osmotic Coefficients on Mole Fraction Base in Electrolyte Solutions and its Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A linear rule is discovered. That is the osmotic coefficients on mole fraction base (ω) are linearly related to the molal concentration exponential (mk2) in single electrolyte solutions. Based on this rule, a thermodynamic model is developed and successfully used to the single electrolytes with various valent types, such as uniunivalent, biunivalent, triunivalent, tetraunivalent,bibivalent, andtribivalent to predict their conventional osmotic coefficients on molal base (ϕ), and also other properties, such as the relative molal vapor pressure lowering, the equivalent conductivity. Besides mk2, the xk2 (the concentration exponential of mole fraction of solute) mk2ln(mk2), and xk2ln(xk2) are also linearly related to ω, respectively. They are all capable to be used to reproduce some properties of single electrolyte solutions. The examples with satisfied results have been given.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".