Enhancing the Procedural Legitimacy of Investor-State Arbitration Through Transparency and Amicus Curiae Participation
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Investor-state arbitration under NAFTA and the other investment treaties to which Canada is a party has been controversial. There are concerns that investor-state arbitration allows investors to challenge laws of general application intended to achieve important public policy objectives though a process that has been criticized as lacking in transparency and democratic accountability. This critique of investor-state arbitration is diminishing in potency, however, as arbitral tribunals have recognized the need for greater openness in promoting the legitimacy of the process and have adopted practices intended to achieve that goal. For example, tribunals have ordered open hearings and permitted amicus curiae participation. While all three NAFTA party states have strongly endorsed these practices, they have failed to amend NAFTA to guarantee them. Developments outside of NAFTA indicate that the move toward transparency is part of a larger trend, the strength of which may mean that the developments in NAFTA practice will be enduring. However, in the absence of comprehensive and predictable rules concerns about the legitimacy of the process are likely to remain.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it