Asymptotic Expansion and Estimation of EPMC for Linear Classification Rules in High Dimension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The problem of classifying a new observation vector into one of the two known groups distributed as multivariate normal with common covariance matrix is considered. In this paper, we handle the situation that the dimension, p, of the observation vectors is less than the total number, N, of observation vectors from the two groups, but both p and N tend to infinity with the same order. Since the inverse of the sample covariance matrix is close to an ill condition in this situation, it may be better to replace it with the inverse of the ridge-type estimator of the covariance matrix in the linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The resulting rule is called the ridge-type linear discriminant analysis (RLDA). The second-order expansion of the expected probability of misclassification (EPMC) for RLDA is derived, and the second-order unbiased estimator of EMPC is given. These results not only provide the corresponding conclusions for LDA, but also clarify the condition that RLDA improves on LDA in terms of EPMC. Finally, the performances of the second-order approximation and the unbiased estimator are investigated by simulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.058 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".