Seasonal Variation in Estuarine Habitat Use by Native Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) and Invasive Brown Trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) in Southeast Newfoundland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In North America, Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon) populations evolved in the absence of Salmo trutta (Brown Trout) and use estuaries more extensively than in Europe. European Brown Trout were introduced to Newfoundland in the 1880s and are spreading along its coast. Most of the colonized watersheds include distinct estuaries. Unlike for river habitats, knowledge of estuary use by Brown Trout outside of their native range is very limited. We investigated seasonal estuary use by Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout of different sizes in eastern Newfoundland. We observed parr-sized Brown Trout in June and July, whereas Atlantic Salmon parr were present from April to August. Smolts of both species were most prevalent in spring, but we found them throughout the year. Large Brown Trout were present in the estuary over much of the year. Brown Trout are a freshwater invasive species in much of their introduced range and their year-round estuarine presence in our system raises concerns for native salmonids, particularly Atlantic Salmon on Newfoundland’s south coast, which have been identified as at-risk and evolved in the absence of these invaders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".