Disruption in the NAFTA Supply Chain for Beef and Cattle: An Evaluation of Possible Policy Responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Before 20 May 2003 the beef and cattle sectors in North America were shining examples of harmonization and market integration under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). They are now stunning and troubling examples of disharmony, market segregation, and confusion. The supply chain for beef, which was working well, is now a mess. Losing access to the live cattle market in the United States has motivated Canadian decision-makers in both the public and private sectors to focus almost entirely on the domestic market for solutions. In the United States, border closures have threatened the viability of beef processing plants in the Pacifi c Northwest and have helped raise the profi le of protectionist cattle producer organizations. Mexico has fared better than its NAFTA partners since it remains free of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and has continued to maintain access to the US market.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.023 | 0.035 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".