Electrically charged droplet: case study of a simple generator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied the behavior of a simple apparatus that allows charging droplets by induction. We imposed the following constraints: (i) any liquid should be charged (more precisely whatever its surface tension and therefore whatever its wettability, capillary length, etc.); and (ii) the system is to remain as simple as possible. The design of the device results of a compromise regarding both constraints. The device developed is based on a planar capacitor in which the droplets are generated. The influence of the nature of the liquid (i.e., presence of ions in solution, polarity, surface tension, and conductivity) on the charge induced was measured and was found to be independent of the liquid properties (except for the silicone oil). We deduced that, in the considered configuration, fluids behave like a “perfect conductor” as soon as conductive relaxation time is smaller than the droplet ejection time. Under this condition, the charge has the time to move in the droplet to reach the electrostatic regime.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".