"Our Isolation Is Almost Unbearable": A Case Study in New Brunswick Out-Migration, 1901-1914
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the decade leading up to the First World War, New Brunswick was in the grip of a massive out-migration of its population. Queens County, a predominantly rural community of 11,120 people located midway between Fredericton and Saint John, was neither immune from nor ignorant of its effects. A cross-sectional analysis reveals that between 1901 and 1911, the county lost upwards of a quarter of its inhabitants. Economic motives, particularly the decline of the region’s shipbuilding industry and increasing specialization in agriculture, may have played a role in the migration of previous generations of residents; but, by the turn of the twentieth century, economic conditions were steadily improving. So why was out-migration so persistent? Anecdotal evidence suggests that rural communities such as Queens County felt isolated from the rest of the province—that modernity was seemingly passing them by.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".