Gills are needed for ionoregulation before they are needed for O2 uptake in developing zebrafish,<i>Danio rerio</i>
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A variation on the classic ablation method was used to determine whether O(2) uptake or ionoregulation is the first to shift from the skin to the gills in developing zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish larvae, ranging in age from 3 to 21 days postfertilization, were prevented from ventilating their gills and forced to rely on cutaneous processes by exposing them to one of two anaesthetics (tricaine methanesulphonate or phenoxyethanol) or by embedding their gills in agar. They were then placed in solutions designed to compensate selectively for impaired O(2) uptake (42% O(2)), impaired ionoregulatory capacity (50% physiological saline) or impairment of both functions (42% O(2)+50% physiological saline). Survival under these conditions was compared with that in normoxic (21% O(2)) fresh water. Neither hyperoxia nor 50% physiological saline had any significant effect on the survival of newly hatched larvae (3 days postfertilization), suggesting that at this stage cutaneous exchange was sufficient to satisfy both ionoregulatory and respiratory requirements. At 7 days postfertilization, the skin still appeared capable of satisfying the O(2) requirements of larvae but not their ionoregulatory requirements. Physiological saline significantly improved survival at 7 days postfertilization; hyperoxia did not. At 14 days postfertilization, both hyperoxia and 50% saline significantly improved survival, indicating that at this stage gills were required for O(2) uptake as well as for ionoregulation. At 21 days postfertilization, only hyperoxia significantly improved survival. By this stage, larvae apparently are so dependent on gills for O(2) uptake that they suffocate before the effects of ionoregulatory impairment become apparent. Thus, it would appear that in zebrafish it is the ionoregulatory capacity of the skin not its ability to take up O(2) that first becomes limiting. This raises the possibility that ionoregulatory pressures may play a more important role in gill development than is generally appreciated.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it