Libya, Intervention and Responsibility: The Dawn of a New Era
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following the United Nations (UN) Security Council (SC) Resolution 1973 of 17 March 2011, which authorized the use of military force, coalition forces began air strikes against Libya to implement the no-fly zone. Carried out by NATO, the resolution was subsequently interpreted as also mandating the removal of Gadhafi. The paper examines two questions fundamental to the United Nations’ trajectory for the 21st century: Does Resolution 1973 (2011) represent a classic case of humanitarian intervention? Or, does the resolution represent – as some pundits have been arguing - the first ever demonstration of the decade long ‘emerging’ norm of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)? Did the resolution indeed trigger the international legal duty to protect civilians under threat to their ‘human security’? And if so, can we expect similar UN resolutions and missions in the future? We argue that while a case could be made for this case-study as an instance of the legal validity of humanitarian intervention, its legal precedent-setting nature in terms of R2P is doubtful.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.062 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".