Impact of <i>Funneliformis mosseae</i> on the growth, lead uptake, and localization of <i>Sophora viciifolia</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the basis of a pot experiment under lead (Pb) stress, we investigated the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) on the growth and Pb uptake of Sophora viciifolia L., and explored the Pb localization in AM roots using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that high Pb levels (500 and 1000 μg/g) inhibited the growth of S. viciifolia seedlings. Compared with the noninoculation treatment, F. mosseae inoculation decreased the Pb concentrations above- and belowground by 61.0% and 15.2%, when exposed to Pb at a concentration of 1000 μg/g. The root length, fork number, tip number, surface area, and volume of mycorrhizal S. viciifolia were higher than those of the corresponding nonmycorrhizal plants. These parameters of mycorrhizal plants increased by 220%, 219%, 157%, 225%, and 278% when plants were exposed to Pb at 1000 μg/g compared with nonmycorrhizal plants. The ratio of root length with diameters between 0-0.2 mm to the total root length significantly increased under Pb stress, and F. mosseae inoculation significantly reduced the ratio. Under Pb stress, F. mosseae increased the ratios of root length with 0.61-0.8 and 0.81-1.0 mm diameters to the total root length, indicating that F. mosseae tended to thicken the roots of S. viciifolia under Pb additions. The combined results of TEM and EDS indicated that Pb deposited in not only plant cells but also the cell walls and vacuoles of the AM fungal intracellular hyphae, thus revealing the subcellular-level mechanism of AM fungi in alleviating the Pb toxicity to the host plant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".