The Use of Navy C-Ring Specimens to Investigate the Effects of Initial Microstructure and Heat Treatment on the Residual Stress, Retained Austenite, and Distortion of Carburized Automotive Steels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steels such as SAE 8620 and PS-18 are typically used in the carburized condition for powertrain applications in the automotive industry. Such steels always contain retained austenite to varying degrees in both the ashardened and tempered microstructures. As well as retained austenite, heat treatment can produce residual stresses, which lead to both size and shape distortions. The intent of this study was to investigate the effects of initial microstructure, composition, and heat treatment on the amount of residual stress, retained austenite, and distortion in carburized SAE 8620 and PS-18 steels. A specially designed specimen, the Navy C-ring, was used to evaluate distortion. X-ray diffraction techniques were used to determine the residual stress and the amount of retained austenite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".