Expression of pineal ultraviolet- and green-like opsins in the pineal organ and retina of teleosts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In teleostean bony fishes, studies on the adults of various species have shown that pineal photoreceptors are maximally sensitive to short- and middle-wavelength light, possibly utilising both rod-like and pineal-specific opsins. Until recently, however, very little was known about the pineal opsins present in embryonic and larval teleosts and their relationships to opsins expressed by retinal photoreceptors. Our immunocytochemical studies have revealed that, in Atlantic halibut, herring and cod, pineal photoreceptors express principal phototransduction molecules during embryonic life before they appear in retinal photoreceptors. In cDNA from embryonic and adult halibut, we identified two partial opsin gene sequences, HPO1 and HPO4, with highest homology to teleost green and ultraviolet cone opsins (72-83% and 71-83% amino acid identity, respectively). In halibut, these opsins are expressed in the pineal organ of embryos and appear in the retina of larvae. Our recent in situ hybridisation studies with RNA probes for HPO1 and HPO4 demonstrate the presence of green-like opsin mRNAs in the pineal organ and the retina of herring, cod, turbot, haddock, Atlantic salmon, zebrafish and three species of cichlid, and of ultraviolet opsins in the retinas of zebrafish, Atlantic salmon, turbot and the three cichlid species. We conclude that the halibut pineal organ appears to have the potential for both ultraviolet and green photosensitivity from the embryonic stage and that the retina may acquire the same potential during the larval stages. In the other teleosts studied, although both pineal and retinal photoreceptors seem to utilise a green-like opsin from the larval stage, ultraviolet photoreception appears to be restricted to the retina.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".