Analysis of First-Year and Old Ice Characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study has been carried out on the morphological characteristics of arctic and subarctic ice ridges, with an emphasis on the differences between first-year and second- or multi-year ice ridges. This work builds on the catalogue of ridge shapes created by Timco and Burden in 1995. Sail height, keel depth, and total ridge thickness are investigated, focusing on the differences between first-year and old ridges, and considering the effect of grounding. The consolidated layer thickness and width and overall dimensions of ridges are also examined. Comparisons are made for arctic and temperate ridges. The arctic regions include the Barents and Norwegian Seas, and the Beaufort Sea and Canadian/American Arctic. Temperate regions include the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Labrador Coast, and Canadian Maritimes. Relationships between sail height and keel depth are developed, and the findings of this study are evaluated against existing statistics and formulae. Deformed ice features such as ridges often pose hazards to offshore operations in arctic and subarctic regions. An ice ridge refers to a line or wall of broken ice pieces (rubble) that are forced up by pressure, with a submerged keel consisting of broken ice that is forced downward (World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2011). In many cases, ice ridges govern the design of offshore petroleum exploration and production structures. Ridges also hinder navigation and can scour the seabed and damage subsea installations. Various ridge characteristics are important for offshore engineering problems, including ridge dimensions, consolidated layer thickness, age of the ridge, and ice strength. Ridge spacing or frequency is also important. While this paper concentrates on discrete ridges, ridges can also form as part of a larger rubble field or hummock field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".