Stability of composite thermodynamic systems with interconnection constraints
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, a formulation of thermodynamic systems in terms of contact geometry is proposed. Furthermore, a systematic approach to the description and analysis of composite thermodynamic systems, that is, systems containing a number of interacting thermodynamic subsystems, is developed. In such systems, there are always heat, work or matter flows between the subsystems which, together with constructive restrictions, form the interconnection structure of the composite system. This structure can be described by a set of constraints imposed on the system. In geometric terms, this can be seen as a restriction of the system space to a certain ‘constraint sub‐manifold’. Moreover, there are kinematic (non‐holonomic) constraints which restrict the system's dynamics while imposing no restrictions on the system configuration. Both geometric and kinematic constraints and their influence on the dynamics of the composite system are discussed. Finally, several types of composite thermodynamic system are presented and the LaSalle Invariance Principle is used to analyse the asymptotic dynamical behaviour of one important example.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".