High Surface Area Lithium Titanate Electrode for Li-ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) anode composed of submicron fibers with nanosize grains was fabricated by electrospinning from spin dopes prepared from nanoparticles of lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) and polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) in a solvent. Optimal electrospinning conditions and solvent composition that could be electrospun into fibers under a variety of ambient conditions were determined. Pyrolyzing the electrospun fibers at high temperatures (700°C for 5 hours in air) and plasma-treating in oxygen (500 m Torr for 30 m) revealed a nano-size grain structure within the individual fibers. Electrochemical testing with metallic lithium as a reference electrode displayed promising capacities for three charging cycles. The C rates displayed complete charging when the charging time was at least 10 minutes. However, faster charging resulted in a loss of capacity to as low as 50% when charged in less than three minutes. This degradation appears to be triggered by trace amounts of a secondary phase introduced by standard purity precursors used for preparing lithium titanate. Evidence for this was found using x-ray fluorescence revealing the presence of iron and silicon oxides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".