Cosmopolitanism by default: public sociability in Montréal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cosmopolitanism crops up regularly in debates about modern societies, and over the last few years social scientists have been exploring it afresh. Historically, the concept was used in opposition to nationalism, particularly by the anti-Semitic right in France at the turn of the last century who denounced the superficiality and rootlessness of international elites (Winock 1997). Vertovec and Cohen (2002) identify several trends among the recent perspectives on cosmopolitanism. It has been understood as an individual attribute of openness towards other cultures, as a project uniting political bodies across national borders and as a project of citizenship that can cope with subjects’ multiple affiliations, especially their ethnic or cultural ones. Some therefore see cosmopolitanism as an alternative to ‘tired’ models of multiculturalism. Globalization frames these discussions and brings out the urban dimensions of cosmopolitanism, given the concentration of ethno-cultural diversity in large cities and the role that cities play in advanced economies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".