Linguistic Requirements for Immgrants, Specifically whith regard to languajes that Enjoy Official Status in Part of the Terrytory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this comparative law study, I will examine the linguistic requirements that are imposed on immigrants as a condition for permanent residency and naturalization. I am particularly interested in cases in which the language to be acquired by immigrants is one that enjoys official status in part of the territory of the host State. Nevertheless, in order to gain a larger perspective and to make use of a wider range of comparative material, I will begin by examining the general trends in European countries by taking advantage of a recent study on the subject done under the patronage of the Council of Europe. I will then look at the situation in three traditional immigration countries outside of Europe (Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America). Finally, I will examine three countries (Belgium, Switzerland and Canada) where there exists a situation of contact and competition, or even conflict, between two or more national languages. In such cases, one or more regional governments have often deemed it necessary to take measures to protect and promote one or more of these languages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".