Sulfolane as Solvent for Lithium Battery Electrolytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The properties and applications in lithium batteries of solutions containing lithium perchlorate dissolved in sulfolane have been studied. Due to the high cryoscopic constant of sulfolane (85 K/mole), the freezing point can be considerably decreased. Also the viscosity can be decreased in a way similar to the idea of mixed carbonate solvents. Viscosity and conductivity obey the mified Walden rule. The addition of sulfolane to carbonate solvents increases their flash point fairly considerably.The capacity of experimental cells containing a LiCoO2 cathode and a carbon anode was ca. 33.33 mAh/g (related to anode material). The internal resistance of the cell increased, and an irreversible charge was observed on discharge curves and described. To some extent, the battery had the capability of a rechargeable one.
 The use of sulfolane (SL) as a highly polar solvent for electrochemical purposes has been the subject of previous studies [1] – [6]. Its advantages are high permittivity, excedent thermal stability and resistance to strong oxidation potentials. However, there are some disadvantages such as rather high viscosity and correspondingly also low conductivity of salt solutions in this solvent, and a rather high freezing point (+ 28.4 °C).
 A similar problem arises in ethylene carbonate which exhibits excellent electrochemical properties if solvents with a sufficiently low freezing point and viscosity are added. It is commonly known that the loss of conductivity is not so detrimental , and the freezing point depression can make such mixed solvents useful. Therefore the blends of ethylene carbonate (abbreviated as EC) with other solvents (mostly dimethyl carbonate DMC) are used as solvents for preparation of electrolytes for lithium batteries.
 The main objective of the present paper is to attempt to suppress the weaknesses of sulfolane by adding a solvent with a sufficiently low freezing point and viscosity in order to facilitate the use of sulfolane for various electrochemical applications in electrochemical science and technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".