A Silicon Photonic PAM-4 Modulator Based on Dual-Parallel Mach–Zehnder Interferometers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a silicon photonic dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) operating near 1550 nm used for four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4). The differential and integral nonlinearities of the device are investigated. A driving scheme and a biasing method that improves the linearity and PAM operation of the device are presented. The measured second harmonic distortion and two-tone, third-order intermodulation spurious-free dynamic range are 75 dB · Hz1/2and 86 dB · Hz3/2, respectively. We further investigate the performance of the device in a short-reach transmission system. We report a successful 50-Gbaud single-wavelength transmission of PAM-4 over 2 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) below hard decision pre forward error correction (pre-FEC) threshold of 4.4 × 10-3.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".