Finite-element modelling of the mechanics of the coupling between the incus and stapes in the middle ear
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The middle ear is a small air-filled cavity which contains a chain of three small bones or ossicles: the malleus, the incus and the stapes. There is a tiny bony bridge (pedicle) between the long process of the incus and the lenticular process, but little or nothing is known about the effect of the pedicle on the movements of the ossicles. The motivation of the work presented here is to improve our understanding of the mechanical behaviour at the pedicle and the incudostapedial joint, in particular the relative contributions of the two structures to sound transmission through the middle ear. A three-dimensional finite-element model of the pedicle and the incudostapedial joint was created, where the dimensions are based on examination of histological sections of a cat middle ear. Careful attention has been paid to the mesh generation of the model, especially for the regions of interest, such as the pedicle, that are very small relative to the overall structure. The issue of the compromise between the mesh resolution and the computational time will be discussed as well. Ranges of plausible values for the stiffnesses of the joint, joint capsule and pedicle were tested and the resulting displacements were examined for various loading conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".