Late unilateral hematoma after breast augmentation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Late hematoma after breast augmentation is a rare phenomenon with unproven etiology. METHODS: Five patients presented with a late unilateral hematoma after receiving bilateral, submuscular, smooth, round, silicone gel implants for cosmetic breast augmentation. All patients underwent explantation and capsulectomy. Extensive clinical and histological analysis of all capsules was performed. RESULTS: All patients presented with progressive unilateral breast enlargement with at least a doubling of their breast size. Breast enlargement developed nine, 12, 14, 22 and 38 years, respectively, after initial implant insertion and in the absence of any known trauma. Patients presented for treatment one, three, four, nine and 12 months, respectively, after initially noticing breast enlargement. This enabled a sequential analysis of the events occurring on the surface of the capsule and within the structure of the capsule. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of all capsules demonstrated multiple areas of recent and older hemorrhage, both within the structure of capsules and on the surface of the capsule. Continuing recurrent bouts of acute hemorrhage were observed even nine and 12 months after initial hematoma development. The position of medium-size vessels within the capsules corresponded to the sites of recurrent bleeding within capsules. CONCLUSIONS: Late hematomas presented from nine to 38 years after submuscular breast augmentation with a doubling of breast size. Late hematomas appeared to result from multiple recurrent bouts of bleeding within the structure of the capsules. This leads to recurrent bleeding on the surface of the capsules. Breast enlargement develops progressively over time rather than acutely. Continuing acute hemorrhage persisted up to one year after initial hematoma development. This progression suggests a process analogous to a chronic expanding hematoma that has been described in other areas of the body. Failure to remove a capsule could result in long-term continuing bleeding from vessels within the capsule.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".