“Breadwinners” or “Involved Fathers?” Men, Fathers and Work in Italy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The identity transformation affecting both men and women and structural changes in the family and in the labour market in the last few decades have led to a reflection on the role of the so-called "involved/new fathers" and of fatherhood-related practices. Several empirical studies, in fact, highlight a change in the father role, both in and outside Italy, towards a more family involved style of male parenthood. Nevertheless, the strong relationship between fathers and work remains a pivotal trait in a man’s identity: the breadwinner model is, in fact, still thriving in many European countries, including Italy. One of the most relevant issues in this scenario is the complex relationship between family and work. This paper is aimed at exploring men’s and fathers’ ideas and opinions on their involvement in work, family life and care, in order to identify their features in contemporary society. This topic will be analysed in depth with the help of data from the European Values Study, whose fourth wave was conducted in47 European countries including Italy, in 2008-2009.This survey helps detect some structural aspects and values concerning fundamental aspects of life, such as marriage and the family, work, leisure time, religion and inter-generational relationships.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".