Melatonin and zopiclone as facilitators of early circadian sleep in operational air transport crews.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This study was an extension into an operational setting of previous laboratory work investigating the use of zopiclone and melatonin to facilitate early circadian sleep in transport aircrew. The previous laboratory-based study demonstrated that both melatonin and zopiclone were effective in inducing early circadian sleep without impacting on psychomotor performance after a 7-h sleep period. METHODS: In a repeated measures, placebo-controlled protocol, 30 aircrew flew 3 transatlantic missions over which they took each of the 3 medications (placebo, sustained-release melatonin 2 mg, or zopiclone 5 mg) at an early body clock time (17:00) during their first stopover. They wore wrist actigraphs prior to and throughout the missions, took a single dose of their scheduled medication immediately prior to their early circadian bedtime, and completed a sleep questionnaire on arising from their medicated sleep. RESULTS: The results of the actigraphic data show that relative to placebo, aircrew on melatonin and zopiclone fell asleep more quickly (melatonin: p < 0.01, zopiclone: p < 0.003), slept more (melatonin: p < 0.02, zopiclone: p < 0.005), had fewer awakenings after sleep onset (melatonin: p < 0.004, zopiclone: p < 0.01), and spent less time awake after sleep onset (melatonin: p < 0.01, zopiclone: p < 0.05). The results of the questionnaire data show that relative to placebo, aircrew on melatonin and zopiclone experienced less difficulty getting to sleep (melatonin: p < 0.0001, zopiclone: p < 0.001), had fewer awakenings (melatonin: p < 0.005, zopiclone: p < 0.001), less difficulty returning to sleep after awakening (melatonin: p < 0.0001, zopiclone: p < 0.0001), and reported a better sleep quality (melatonin: p < 0.0003, zopiclone: p < 0.0004). There were no statistically significant differences between melatonin and zopiclone in any of the actigraphic or questionnaire sleep parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin and zopiclone, in the dosages we used, are equipotent facilitators of early circadian sleep during transmeridian air transport operations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".