Bio-Fuels in Canada: Normative Framework, Existing Regulations, and Politics of Intervention
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1994, Canada became a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol. This international agreement commits each country to reducing its emissions of green-house gases in order to control global warming. At the national level, Canada is developing a policy of sustainable development based primarily on promoting the production and consumption of bio-fuels as a means to reducing green-house gases and meeting Canada’s Kyoto targets. Canada has begun arming itself with laws at the national level and in some provinces. The purpose of this paper is to identify an appropriate legal framework that could promote the production and consumption of bio-fuels in Canada. It seeks out an efficient GHG reduction strategy from among three approaches: mandatory (laws and regulations); economic incentives (taxes and subsidies); and voluntary (on the parts of both fuel refiners and consumers). The results of the study suggest that the legislative decision-making process is strongly influenced both by concern for the effective use of natural resources and by the priorities of economic development at the local and provincial levels. Government regulations at the provincial level tend therefore to reflect the socioeconomic characteristics of each province.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".