The early expression of squamosal horns and parietal ornamentation confirmed by new end-stage juvenile <i>Pachycephalosaurus</i> fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Montana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New end-stage juvenile specimens of Pachycephalosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Montana, confirm the earliest expression of squamosal nodes, parietal ornamentation, and jugal morphology in the smallest and presumably youngest individuals yet known. High-resolution computed tomography of the slightly thickened, undomed parietal reveals a dense cortex, a highly cancellous interior of irregularly shaped erosion cavities, and bony trabeculae indicative of primary, fast growing bone. The parietal, with its highly ornamented septum morphology and patent sutures, is nearly identical to the holotype of ‘Dracorex hogwartsia,’ and combined with these new internal histological details, supports the alternative interpretation that ‘D. hogwartsia’ is a juvenile Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis. The squamosal nodes grow into an array of horns and secondary nodes exemplified by the pachycephalosaurin ‘Stygimoloch spinifer’ considered in this study to be a subadult P. wyomingensis. Unlike the squamosal ornamentation, the hypertrophied midline row of parietal nodes is transient as the frontoparietal dome expands later in ontogeny. We propose the term ‘ontogimorph’ as a substitute for ‘semaphoront’ to describe these taxon-specific morphological variants that grow allometrically and express extreme cranial morphology along a postnatal growth continuum ontogenetically. These juvenile-, sub-adult-, and adult-specific features in the skull of Pachycephalosaurus may have allowed the visual identification of ontogimorphs and signal their changing sociobiological status.Citation for this article: Goodwin, M. B., and D. C. Evans. 2016. The early expression of squamosal horns and parietal ornamentation confirmed by new end-stage juvenile Pachycephalosaurus fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1078343.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".