Bibliographic record
Abstract
During 2006, controversies concerning Shari‘a or Islamic law seemed to dominate media reports. From cartoons to apostasy trials, Shari‘a was deemed to be at the core of controversies that attained international notoriety. Furthermore, Shari‘a was implicitly invoked by the Pope in his now infamous speech at Regensberg, in which he referred to the prophet Muhammad and an early Muslim jurist in order to define Europe as Christian and contrary to all that is Islamic. The Shari‘a -related events of 2006 raised fundamental questions not just about what Shari‘a is, but more fundamentally about the place of Muslims and their religious tradition in the international system. This article attempts to survey the above Shari‘a -related events from 2006 in order to illustrate how references to Shari‘a , whether by Muslims or non-Muslims, were embedded within a larger discourse on identity, community, and difference. This survey will not provide an in-depth analysis and critique of the Shari‘a doctrines invoked in each case, as that would be beyond its scope. Rather, this article is intended to review the events in light of how “ Shari‘a ” was characterized, used, and positioned within a larger legal and political discourse. All of them illuminate similar problems of definition and identity that will generally arise in any critical discussion of Shari‘a in the modern day. Shari‘a has arguably become more than a system of legal rules that can be subjected to critical legal scrutiny. Rather, it is also a symbol of political identity, such that any suggestion of legal reform may create political fall out amongst those committed to certain conceptions of identity, political and otherwise. The controversies concerning Shari‘a in 2006 arguably had less to do with legal doctrine, and more to do with how “ Shari‘a ” can be used and manipulated to facilitate political ends concerning the definition of identity and thereby the separation (and even marginalization) of communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".