Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Bush Doctrine of pre-emptive strike, as outlined in The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, invites abuse and sets a dangerous precedence for other countries to follow. The National Security Strategy was created in September 2002. The report outlines principles that will guide American foreign policy. The strategy states that the right to defend should extend to pre-emptive attacks against potential aggressors, cutting off a planned or perceived attack before it occurs. The pre-emptive strike policy is a component of what is known as the Bush Doctrine. Because there is no clear definition of what entitles a sufficient threat to [U.S] national security, the Bush Doctrine invites abuse in its implementation. Due to the United States implementing and justification of the Bush Doctrine in Iraq, a dangerous precedence has been set for future conflicts. This doctrine may be applied to conflicts in India-Pakistan and North Korea, among others. Instead of using the previous strategies of deterrence and containment, the new Bush Doctrine is built upon the concept of aggression and confrontation. This will undoubtedly lead to an escalation in conflicts and a less secure global community.This paper will first look at the components of the National Security Strategy: its principles and aspects of its formulation. The paper will then look at the implementation of the National Security Strategy in Iraq: the arguments used for its justification, its outcome and precedence through a content analysis of public speeches from the Bush Administration justifying the war. Finally, this paper will apply the principles of the Bush Doctrine to the conflict between India and Pakistan in nuclear South Asia. The analysis of the Bush Doctrine to these countries will show how these countries may launch a pre-emptive strike, under the principles of the Bush Doctrine and the precedence set in Iraq. The three parts of the paper will ultimately prove that The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, more specifically the Bush Doctrine, can easily be abused and will lead to greater conflicts around the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.035 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".