The First Freedom Line: The Untold Story of American Indian Underground Railroad Activities During the Antebellum Period (Aiding Fugitive Enslaved African Americans Escape to Freedom in Canada 1820-1865)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is considerable historical evidence of the adoption and incorporation of formerly enslaved Africans and African Americans by American Indian Nations in the pre-Civil War era in the United States. Traditional United States history texts focus mainly on descriptive accounts of interactions between the two ethnic groups with marginal introspection and analysis of the motivation and social political ramifications of these encounters. In addition to incorporation by adoption or intermarriage, some American Indian societies engaged, at some risk of retaliation by the invading colonists, in sheltering and assisting fugitive African Americans escape enslavement to freedom in the northern colonies and Canada. This Dissertation examines within an interdisciplinary context, the political psychological, historical interaction and cultural social behavior between these similarly oppressed people. Also explored are the theoretical rationales for American Indian people and nations to become involved in this social political conflict of the colonial settlers. This work also uncovers the historical development and operations of a parallel underground railroad for fugitive enslaved blacks conducted by American Indians omitted in the colonized historical accounts of slavery resistance efforts in the early American developing society.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.043 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".