Analysis of the attainable efficiency of a direct-bandgap betavoltaic element
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conversion of energy of beta-particles into electric energy in a p-n junction based on direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as GaAs, is analyzed considering realistic semiconductor system parameters. An expression for the collection coefficient, Q , of the electron–hole pairs generated by beta-electrons is derived taking into account the existence of the dead layer. We show that the collection coefficient of beta-electrons emitted by a 3 H-source to a GaAs p-n junction is close to 1 in a broad range of electron lifetimes in the junction, ranging from 10 −9 to 10 −7 s. For the combination 147 Pm/GaAs, Q is relatively large ( ⩾ 0.4) only for quite long lifetimes (about 10 −7 s) and large thicknesses (about 100 μ m) of GaAs p-n junctions. For realistic lifetimes of minority carriers and their diffusion coefficients, the open-circuit voltage realized due to the irradiation of a GaAs p-n junction by beta-particles is obtained. The attainable beta-conversion efficiency η in the case of a 3 H/GaAs combination is found to exceed that of the 147 Pm/GaAs combination.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it