Role of the AE3 Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchanger in the Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the determinants of heart failure, the leading cause of hospitalization in the elderly in Western societies. Several factors contribute to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Emerging evidence suggest that stimulation of the hypertrophic transport metabolon, a complex involving the Na + /H + exchanger, NHE1, carbonic anhydrase II and the AE3 Cl − /HCO 3 − exchanger, plays a key role in the development of hypertrophy. To understand the contribution of AE3 to the hypertrophic cascade, knock‐out mice lacking the gene that encodes AE3 (AE3 −/− ) were generated. The body weights showed no significant differences between the wild type (AE3 +/+ ), the heterozygous (AE3 +/–) and the knock‐out (AE3 −/− ) littermates. Interestingly, the heart weight to body weight ratio, an index of cardiac hypertrophy, was markedly reduced in the AE3 −/− mice (82 ± 2% vs. AE3 +/+ ); the AE3 +/− mice were identical to the AE3 +/+ mice (102 ± 3% vs. AE3 +/+ ). Phenylephrine (PE), 10 μM, or angiotensin II (ANG II), 1 μM, added 18 h following culturing of adult cardiomyocytes and present for 24 h, increased the cell size of isolated cardiomyocytes of AE3 +/+ mice by 20 ± 2% but AE3 −/− cardiomyocytes were unresponsive to PE‐ or ANG II‐induced hypertrophy (101 ± 4% vs. AE3 +/+ ). Our data demonstrate that deletion of the AE3 Cl − /HCO 3 − exchanger gene renders the myocardium significantly less sensitive to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Supported by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Alberta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".