Understanding the Income Gradient in Children's Physical Health: Revisiting the Canadian Case
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, there has been substantial work regarding the origins of the income-health gradient. Case et al. (2002) and Currie and Stabile (2003) find that the income gradient in children's health increases with age, for the US and Canada respectively. In this paper we synthesise the existing evidence on the income-health gradient in childhood across studies and test the robustness of Currie and Stabile's (2003) findings in the Canadian context. We agree with Currie and Stabile (2003) that the differences are due in part to a relatively high incidence of bad health shocks among low-income children. However, we find that adding parents' health status to their model changes their findings. Our re-specified model shows that the gradient in Canada is smaller and does not increase as children age. Moreover, we provide new evidence that parents' health status plays an important role in explaining children's health status, emphasising the idea that the intergenerational transmission mechanism from parents to children is in large part through health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".