Status of Pharmacy Administration Education in China: A Survey of Undergraduate Curriculum and Faculty
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Pharmacy Administration (Ph.A) became a formal part of undergraduate curriculum in China in 1987. Despite recent growth and diversification, Ph.A curricula remain relatively understudied. Aims: To describe and analyze the status of undergraduate Ph.A education in China. Methods: Survey of pharmacy schools conducted through interviews over the telephone or in person. Results: Among 201 eligible schools, 111 (55%) had a Ph.A curriculum offering a total of 399 courses. Core courses were offered in administration (53%), marketing (15%), jurisprudence (6.5%), systems and regulations (4.8%), and pharmacoeconomics (4.8%). Curricula varied in credit hours and content. A total of 276 staff members were involved in teaching (49% female, 47% part - time) with 79% holding a Master’s degree or less. Sixty - three (57%) schools only utilized part - time faculty. Conclusion: Course structure and content are variable and entry qualifications for teaching staff are lower than for other divisions. Establishing curriculum guidelines and allocating resources to support and attract qualified faculty are recommended.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".