Novel neurotransmitters of the human intrinsic cardiac nervous system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was done to anatomically identify novel neurotransmitters localized to human intrinsic cardiac ganglia (ICG). Samples were collected from 8 patients during cardiothoracic surgery and processed for immunofluorescent detection of specific neuronal markers. Colocalization of markers was evaluated by confocal microscopy. All intrinsic cardiac neuronal somata showed immunoreactivity for the cholinergic marker choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). These somata were bordered by cholinergic varicosities, evident as punctate immunostaining for high affinity choline transporter. Moderate to intense staining for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was likewise associated with all ganglion neurons as well as some proximal axons and nerve fiber bundles connected to ICG. Many calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were identified in ICG, often surrounding cholinergic/nitrergic neuronal somata. Fewer nerve fibers displayed substance P (SP)‐immunoreactivity, but all SP was colocalized with CGRP. These findings suggest that NO may play a prominent role in cholinergic transmission within the human heart, CGRP being another key neuromodulator in the human intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Identification of such novel mediators may lead to new paradigms for cardiac neuromodulation. Supported by the AHA SE Affiliate and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".