The formation of gold nanoparticles in photopolymerized networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photopolymer networks containing a phosphonium polyelectrolyte were used as scaffolds for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Chloride anions electrostatically bound to the phosphonium salt were exchanged with AuCl4− and then reduced with NaBH4 to form AuNPs. The stiffness of the photopolymer matrix had a pronounced effect on the concentration of AuNPs formed within the material, where softer, more swellable networks provided greater anion-exchange sites and therefore more AuNP formation. Numerous loading/reduction cycles with AuCl4− and NaBH4 increased the concentration of AuNPs upon each cycling step without significantly changing AuNP size, thus providing a means to control AuNP concentration within the material. SEM and TEM analysis revealed particles sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm with significant microscale heterogeneity likely arising from phase separation of the phosphonium polyelectrolyte from the photopolymer matrix followed by AuNP synthesis within those regions. We also demonstrate how this methodology can be applied to patterned photopolymer networks, providing the means to explore this approach for photolithographic applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".